Galapagos Islands  Source  Whalesite

ESSAYS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES
IN HONOR OF
CAPTAIN ALLAN HANCOCK

ON THE OCCASION OF HIS BIRTHDAY
JULY 26, 1955

CHARTING THE "ENCHANTED ISLES"

      There can be little doubt that the Galapagos Archipelago or the "Enchanted Isles," as they were called by the Spaniards, is one of the most remarkable spots, speaking from a zoological standpoint, that can be found in this world of ours. For those who are not familiar with the position of this "zoological paradise" made famous by Charles Darwin, who visited it in 1835 as a naturalist with His Britannic Majesty's Ship Beagle on its cruise to South America, it can easily be placed by picturing one's self on the coast of Ecuador and then following the equator some 500 miles out to sea. Mount Pitt on Chatham Island, the easternmost one of the group, is 502.5 miles northwest of Marlinspike Rock, Cape San Lorenzo, Ecuador.

      The Archipelago consists of some fifteen islands and numerous islets and rocks extending from Latitude 1° 40' N to 1° 26' S and from Longitude 89° 16' 58" to 92° 1' W. Albemarle, shaped somewhat like a boot, is the largest of the group, being approximately seventy miles in length and forty five in breadth at the southern end, the widest part. Narborough, James, Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, Bindloe, Abingdon, Tower and Hood, respectively, are next in size and importance, while the remainder range from islets of a mile or less to mere rocks.

      The position of the Galapagos Archipelago was fairly well known to the early navigators. Bishop Tomas de Berlanga, carried there by strong currents while on a voyage from Panama to Peru in 1535, took the latitude and placed the islands between half a degree and a degree

and a half south of the equator. He was not far off in his calculations as the main portion of the Archipelago does extend 1° 25' south of the equator. Early navigators placed the islands about two degrees west of the 80th meridian; but Dampier, one of the buccaneers, claimed they were farther to the west and in this he was correct, for the main portion lies west of the 90th meridian and all of it west of the 89th. Mercator in his "Orbis Terrarum Compendiosa Descriptio" of 1587 represented the Galapagos as a cluster of islets just above the equator and in his Map of the New World, 1622, as just below it. Tatton's map of 1600 showed the Archipelago as just below the equator and Herrar's map of 1601 is practically identical. None of the cartographers seemed to doubt that the islands were on or close to the equator.

      The islands appeared on Ortelius' "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum," published at Antwerp in 1570, as Insulae de los Galopegos and in his "Peruviae Auriferae Regionis Typus" of 1574 as Isolas de Galapagos, represented as one island with two adjacent islets. The Chinese Maps of the World published by the Jesuit Father Matteo Ricci (1584-1608) showed an area labeled "South Seas" with a group of islands in the approximate position of the Galapagos, though no name was given them. After 1570 the islands appeared on many maps of the early cartographers but without names. No attempt was made to attach individual names until William Ambrose Cowley made his chart in 1684.

      From a study of Cowley's map, the islands can be properly placed. The large bight on the west coast of Duke of Norfolk Island [Indefatigable] marked "Sandy Beach" is Conway Bay and this gives a fix for Duncan Island, though that island is a little off position. Albemarle and James are decidedly off. Taking this into consideration one can see that Duncan Island is the Sir Anthony Deans^* Island of Cowley. His chart located the following islands: The Duke of Albemarle's Island, The Earl of Abingdon's Island, Captain Bindlos's Island, Brattles Island, King Charles's Island, Crossman's Island, Lord Culpeper's Island, Dassigney's Island [Chatham], Sir Anthony Dean's Island [Duncan], Ewres Island [Tower], King James's Island, Sir John Narbrough Island, Duke of Norfolk's Island [Indefatigable], Lord Wenman's Island, Albanie Island, and Cowley's Inchanted Island.

      A map printed for H. Moll of London in 1744 entitled "A Map of South America with all the European Settlements and whatever else is remarkable from the latest and best observations" shows the islands in their relative positions and gives the old English names, as does a

chart by Samuel Dunn printed in 1787 by Laurie and Whittle of London. A chart with no more identifying data than the name "Nueva y Correcta Carta Del Mar Pacifico 6 del Sur," dated 1744, shows some twelve islands and uses the old Spanish names, such as Isla de Esperanza, San Clemente, Isabel, Carenero, and IVIaria del Aguado. With the exception of Isabel [Albemarle] it is impossible to identify them by comparing them with a modern map. The survey made in 1793 by Captain Alonzo de Torres of the Royal Spanish Armada under orders of the Viceroy of Peru was useless as a navigational chart but added some new names to individual islands, though it is not possible in most cases to attach them correctly. The only ones of which we can be reasonably certain are Isla de Guerra [Culpepper], Isla de Nunez Gaona [Wenman], and Santa Gertrudis [Albemarle].

      In 1793-1794, Captain James Colnett made a chart in which the islands are placed fairly correctly in their relative positions, the first chart that could be considered workable. Arrowsmith of London printed a chart in 1798 based on Colnett's but not nearly so complete, as coastlines were omitted and Indefatigable, which is called Norfolk, is represented as a mere islet. Also he omitted much useful information contained in the original chart, such as places to water, careen ships and gather wood. It is noteworthy that the famous Galapagos "post office" is marked on the original chart though no mention is made of it in Colnett's log.

      In the early 1800's, three other charts of the Galapagos were made, apparently the work of Captain Colnett though none was as complete as his first one. All have the same error in the coastline of Albemarle, each one showing a large bight in the southeast corner of the island (the worst feature in Colnett's chart) which, of course, is an error and was corrected in the survey of H. M. S. Beagle in 1835. The charts in question are those of Captain Porter of the U. S. Frigate Essex, Captain P. Pipon, R. N., of H. M. S. Tagus, and Captain John Fyffe of H. M. S. Indefatigable. None of them can be said to equal the original chart of Captain Colnett.

      It was not until 1835 that a real survey was undertaken by H. M. S. Beagle under the command of Captain Robert Fitzroy, R. N. This distinguished officer made a complete survey of the archipelago and produced a good navigational chart that was published by the Hj^drographic Office of the Admiralty and used by all countries from the date of the survey until the year 1942, when another survey was made by the U. S. S. Bowditch. During the cruise of the Beagle, many detailed anchorages

were made on the following islands: Albemarle, at Iguana Cove and Tagus Cove; Charles, at Post Office Bay; Chatham, at Freshwater Bay and Tarrapin Road; Hood, at Gardner Bay; James, at Sulivan Bay.

      Ships of the Royal Navy going to and homeward bound from their station at Esquimault, B, C, stopped at the Galapagos to look for shipwrecked sailors on its inhospitable shores and took advantage of their visits to plot additional anchorages. In 1846 H. M. S. Pandora surveyed Conway Bay, Indefatigable Island, and re-surveyed Post Office Bay, Charles Island, and Freshwater Bay, Chatham Island. Midshipman G. W. P. Edwardes of the Daphne made a sketch of Freshwater Bay, showing the difficulties encountered in watering on a rocky coast five miles off a lee shore, with the prevailing winds from the southeast. The British later plotted two more anchorages: Sappho Cove, Chatham Island, by H. M. S. Sappho, and Webb Cove, Albemarle Island, by H. M. S. Cormorant.

      In addition to the islands and islets, there are several rocks which were considered worthy of names, the two outstanding ones being Kicker Rock, off the northern coast of Chatham Island, which has been referred to as "Sleeping Lion" and spoken of many times by Captain Colnett as the "remarkable rock," and Roca Redonda, about fifteen miles off the north point of Albemarle, no doubt so named because of its shape, redonda meaning square sail. Both these rocks are pictured on the chart of Captain Pipon. Both Captain Colnett and Captain Porter on the Essex had difficulty with the currents setting them too close to Redonda and narrowly escaped hitting it.

      The Italian, French and United States navies also participated in mapping the Galapagos. In 1882 and 1885, the Italian corvette Vettor Pisani visited Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, and in 1887 Midshipman Estienne of the French corvette Decres plotted an anchorage at Black Beach, Charles Island. In 1909 the U. S. S. Yorktown charted Cartago Bay on the east coast of Albemarle and in 1925 a reconnaissance of Darwin Bay, Tower Island, was made by the U. S. S. Marblehead. In May, 1932, Captain Garland Rotch of the yacht Zaca, while on the Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, made two sketch surveys of anchorages not yet charted, one on the northeast side of Narborough Island, which he called California Cove, and the other of Academy Bay, Indefatigable Island, locally known as Puerto Presidente Ayora.

      The islands, as well as their capes and bays, have for the most part

been named after the ships which surveyed them or after people connected with the history of the islands. Indefatigable has also been known as Norfolk Island after the Duke of Norfolk and as Porter's Island after Captain David Porter of the U. S. Frigate Essex. It was named Bolivia by Vilamil, who also gave the name of Olmedo to James Island. Nameless Island has been known as Bewel Rock and Isla sin Nombre, while Isla Wolf has been applied to Wenman and Isla Darwin to Culpepper. On Albemarle Island, Bank's Bay was named after Sir Joseph Banks, the famous botanist; Essex Point was named by Captain Porter after his ship, the Essex; Tagus Cove, called Bank's Cove by Colnett, was renamed for H. M. S. Tagus; Cape Berkeley was so called in honor of the Honorable Captain Berkeley, R. N., and Cape Rose honors the memory of Jean Rose, buccaneer and companion of Edward Davis; while Webb Cove is named after Lieut. G. A. C. Webb, R. N., of H. M. S. Cormorant. On James Island, Cowan Bay (sometimes called James Bay) was named by Captain Porter in memory of Lieut. John S. Cowan of the Frigate Essex, who was killed in a duel and buried there; and Sulivan Bay is named in honor of Lieut. James Sulivan of H. M. S. Beagle. Sappho Cove on Chatham Island is named for the ship which surveyed it, H. M. S. Sappho. On Indefatigable Island, Academy Bay is named after the American schooner Academy, and Conway Bay after H. M. S. Conway.

      In 1892 the Republic of Ecuador renamed the Galapagos the "Archipiélago de Colón" in honor of the famed mariner Christopher Columbus, and that is still the official name. The Galapagos Islands seems to be preferred, however, and is more commonly used. Most of the islands also have at least two names. The following list gives the English and Spanish names as they appear on modern charts.

      The last general survey of the Galapagos was made by the U. S. S. Bowditch in 1942. In this survey there was at least one major correction, the removal of the well-formed crater on Indefatigable Island, which had appeared on all charts previous to that date. It is now known that it does not exist. Since the islands were used as a military base during World War II, they have been flown over and mapped from the air and the great mountains no longer hold any secrets.

      The tracing made by Captain Alonzo Torres, of the Spanish Frigate Santa Gertrudis, although over one hundred years after Cowley, does not compare with the efforts of the English buccaneer.

      The chart used in 1812 by Captain David Porter, of the United States Frigate Essex, is practically a replica of the one made in 1793-1794 by Captain James Colnett, of the British ship Rattler.

      The survey made, in 1835, by His Britannic Majest's Ship Beagle furnished the standard chart of the Galapagos used by maritime nations for over one hundred years, and with the exception of some corrections in elevations is practically the same as that made by the U. S. S. Bowditch in 1942. The only striking alteration is the depicting of Indefatigable Island. It is now an established fact that there is no great central crater as shown on the British Chart, the top being composed of numerous volcanic cones and broken-down minor craters.

Joseph R. Slevin.
      "Charting the 'Enchanted Isles'"
  in
Essays in the Natural Sciences in Honor of Captain Allan Hancock on the Occasion of His Birthday, July 26, 1955.
Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press, 1955.

      This essay is available in the volume at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Galapagos Islands  Source  Whalesite